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Working Stress Design Method is a method used for the reinforced concrete design where concrete is assumed as elastic, steel and concrete act together elastically where the relation ship between loads and stresses is linear . This was the traditional method of design not only for reinforced concrete, but also for structural steel and timber […]
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LIMIT STATE METHOD The limit state method, also known as load and resistance factor design (LRFD), is a technique that considers the ultimate strength of the material which is ignored in the working stress method and also assures that the structure is serviceable for its intended period of design. Within the limit state method of
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1. Foundation A Foundation is the lowest part of the building structure rested on soil below ground level. All loads of building transferred to foundation through–beam and column arrangement. Its main function is to distribute the load evenly and safely to the ground. In framed structures, Footings are generally used as foundations to support the
COMPONENTS OF BUILDING Read More »
1. Fineness Test The fineness of cement is a measure of cement particle size and is denoted as terms of the specific surface area of cement. The Test is done by sieving cement samples through a standard IS sieve. The weight cement particle whose size is greater than 90 microns is determined and the percentage of the retained particle are calculated. This is known
DIFFERENT PHYSICAL TEST ON CEMENT Read More »
The general steps involved in plastering of concrete surfaces are – 1. Preparation of Concrete Surface Prior to the plastering work, the surface of the concrete to be plastered is to be cleaned from peeling paint, flaking bits of old plaster and should be free from paint, oil, and dust so that the plaster can
PLASTERING PROCEDURE ON CONCRETE SURFACE Read More »
Several types of defects are found in plastering work which range from blistering, cracks, efflorescence, flaking, peeling, popping, softness and uneven surfaces. When these defects are visible, they should be repaired instantly. Blistering of Plastered Surface: Blistering of the plastered surface is happened when small patches are expanded outside the plane of the plastered surface.
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Book value Method In Book Value Method, historic cost of the asset in the year of acquisition is taken as basis and with the help of cost index figures (Multiplying factors for different years, indicating price rise in the market due to inflation and other factors like variation in cost of materials and labour), replacement
TYPES OF ESTIMATING COST OF CONSTRUCTION Read More »
WHAT PM MODI SAID ON NEW CHANGES IN THE EDUCATION SYSTEM OF CIVIL ENGINEERING & ARCHITECTURE The Prime Minister elaborated the holistic approach, a hallmark of thinking in every sphere of today’s governance, in disaster management. Today disaster management is part of Civil Engineering And Architecture Courses and there is a Dam Safety law now.
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Reinforced concrete is a combination of traditional cement concrete with reinforcements (steel bar). This combination is made to utilize the compressive strength of concrete and tensile strength of steel simultaneously. In reinforced concrete, the components work together to resist many types of loading. Concrete resists compression and steel reinforcement resists tension forces. Reinforced concrete, as
REINFORCED CONCRETE – ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES Read More »
Surveying is the art to determine the relative position of object on or below the surface of the earth by measuring horizontal distance between them and prepare a map to any suitable scale. Surveying is the technique of determining the relative position of different features on, above or beneath the surface of the earth by
CLASSIFICATION OF SURVEYING Read More »
Rate analysis for cement mortar requires estimation of materials for cement mortar, i.e. quantity of cement and sand required for 1m3 for various proportions, i.e., CM 1:2, 1:4, 1:6, 1:8 etc. So, let us first calculate quantity of cement and sand required for 1m3 of cement mortar. For 1m3 of wet cement mortar, 1.3m3 of
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Bridge failures can lead to injuries, loss of life, and property damage on a scale equal to plane crashes, terrorist attacks, and natural disasters. That’s why bridge designers, engineers, construction workers, managers, and inspectors take their jobs so seriously. 1. A combination of issues: The top reason bridges fail is a mix of factors that,
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